Origins of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Origins of Psychology Essay This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900’s and paved the way for modern psychology in the early 1900’s. This theory deals with the deep, inner and mysterious core of the human psyche, in search of understanding the psychology of the human being. It is also closely connected with evolutionary perspectives on personality. Behaviorist : The primary focus of the behavioral perspective is on behavior and the influence of the external environment in shaping of the individual’s behavior. Teaching, therefore, refers to the environmental conditions that are arranged and presented to students. Some of the key behaviorist theorists in the field of psychology are viz. , John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and E. L. Thorndike. Teachers who draw from behaviorist theory tend towards active learning (or learning by doing). The teacher determines all of the skills needed to achieve the desired behavior and students learn them in a step-by-step manner. Humanist : The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which translates into YOU, and your perception of your experiences. This veiw argues that you are free to choose your own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. Issues dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfillment, and needs are paramount. The major focus is to facilitate personal development. Two major theorists associated with this view are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Cognitive : The school of psychology that examines internal mental processes, such as creativity, perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response (Garvey,1999) Neuro-scientific / Bio-psychological : The neuro-scientific framework seeks to relate behavior and mind to the brain. The important overall point of a neuro-scientific perspective is that analyses of normal or abnormal function need to be informed by an understanding of the brain structures and processes that implement the function. Psychiatrists need to monitor emerging work that highlights the need for both a neuro-scientific and medical perspective in the management of complex disorders. Evolutionary : Evolutionary psychology is the science that seeks to explain through universal mechanisms of behavior why humans act the way they do. Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the problem-solving mechanisms they created to meet those particular challenges. From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the science then attempts to establish the common roots of our ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of the planet. The goal is to understand human behavior that is universally aimed at the passing of ones genes into the next generation. Socio-cultural : The social-cultural perspective concentrates on the culture of a group of individuals or society as a whole rather than the individual. To understand why people tend to show certain behavior traits, mental health clinicians look at what affects the community as a group of individuals might have on their own thought processes. Some of the questions pondered are if a person behaves a certain way to be accepted or commits an act because it is accepted amongst their society.

World War 1: A Tragedy of Miscalculation Essays -- World War I, First

World War 1: A Tragedy of Miscalculation To some extent, the outbreak of the First World War was a tragedy of miscalculation. Austria declared war on Serbia, in the hope that it would only be a short and local war. Germany had miscalculated the risk of a two-front war. Germany’s war plan – the Schlieffen Plan, inevitably involved France, Russia, Belgium and Britain. In â€Å"The war to end all wars†, Germany also did not take into calculation the ‘Domino Effect’ of the alliances between France, Russia and Britain. Because Germany had made such a bitter enemy of France, it decided to protect itself by making alliances with other countries in Europe. Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy known as the Triple Alliance. To the keep the ‘Balance of Power’ in Europe, France allied itself with Great Britain and Russia; known as the Triple Entente. Both allies swore to help their allies if their countries were attacked. When a Serbian Nationalist assassinated the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Germany remembered their treaty with Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. They also declared war on France and invaded Belgium using the Schlieffen Plan. Afterwards Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary because of their alliance with Belgium, France and Russia. Germany’s military reliance on the Schlieffen Plan working was a serious miscalculation. The Schlieffen Plan was a German war plan drawn up before 1914. Its essence was to avoid a two-front war for Germany, by first swiftly conquering France, the western front, through Belgium and then concentrating on the eastern front against Russia. ‘The invasion of Belgium was considered an essential element of the German war ... ...to expand into the Balkans itself and was supported by Germany. It was the creation of conflicts and miscalculations by the movements in the Balkans that led to World War1. ‘Veni, vidi, vici’ (I come, I saw, I conquered) – Julius Caesar, Roman Emperor (100BC-44BC) No power had been able to perceive the extent of damages brought by a general war, which lasted fifty-one months. They had believed the Third Balkan War would be a short war like the First and Second Balkan Wars. This serious misconception brought harm to all European powers. On the other hand, World War 1 was made inevitable by the long-term antagonism between the powers, as a result of rival nationalist movements, secret alliances, militarism and empirical dashes. ‘I think, that in our eyes, it’s obvious that the First World War changed the world’ – Stephane Audoin-Rouzeau, University of Picardie.

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Lie Wisely wrote a book based upon survival and using everything to its fullest. Even through the struggle of being in those concentration camps, Lie was still capable of overpowering the enemy and push forward. In the novel Night, by Ell wisely, the theme Is to never stop moving forward and to make the most of what they have. The first major theme Is that people should never stop moving forward. In other words, this means that no matter what life throws at someone, people need to find the strength to pick them selves up.These thoughts were going through my mind as I continued to run, not feeling my numb foot, not even realizing that I was still running, that I still owned a body that galloped down the road among thousands of others. † This quote symbolizes that Lie was injured, but still had high hopes of hanging on, even if it meant to endure the immense pain coming from his foot. The second main theme is to make the most of what they have. In better detail, even if the Jews don't have anything, they use every inch, every aspect of the littlest to their advantage.They use everything to Its fullest extent. â€Å"We all got up. We all pulled our soaked blankets tighter around our shoulders. And tried to take a few steps, to shuffle back and forth, In place. † This quote encourages that even In the state of being helpless and cold, they still found a way to make the best out of their situation. In the book Night, by Lie Wisely, the themes are to never stop moving forward and to make the most of what they have.

What Does Mestizaje Play Latin America And The United...

Many historians, educators and philosophers have tried to understand and research what the term â€Å"mestizaje† truly means. When you research the term you will see thousands of different journals and articles come up, because there is not a one, true definition and understanding of mestizaje. A basic idea however of the term is the mixture and culture blend of ancestries. In English the term is miscegenation which is defined as the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types. Throughout history in every part of the world we see mestizaje and the controversy and benefits that come with it. Although some people might view this cultural blend in a negative connotation no one can deny the influences to society in the past and the present that has taken place, and what is its importance in Latin America and in the United States. To fully understand the term, one must first pay attention to three central ideas. To start off you must first simply define the word mestizaje, and understand how mestizaje plays a role in Latin American societies by blending and dividing cultures. By defining this principal one may then illustrate how these cultural differences translate to racial differences in the United States. Furthermore, I will be able to explicate personal experiences on how the University of Alabama addresses some of the principles of mestizaje and how it has affected my life in general. Mestizaje is a term that can be defined in many ways through literature,Show MoreRelatedRacism In Latin America Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagescannot be ignored. But what is rarely talked about is how these conditions are incredibly similar to those that people in Latin America have to endure as well. Racism does not end at the borders of the United States, and in fact, they only seem to get worse in countries that are less developed. Latin Americans themselves will admit that their families have racist tendencies. And, although most Latinos are people of color, Eurocentric standards of beauty still dominate Latin culture. Beauty is fairRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 PagesSpanish Colonial Period Chapter Review Arch 117 Abegail Imee R. Enriquez 2012-68836 Spanish Colonial Period How does Spanish Colonial architecture reflect Filipino identity? Discuss the various building types and their relationship to pre-colonial architecture in your arguments. Spanish colonial architecture reflects Filipino identity mostly through the Religious Architecture. As what the world knows, Philippines is the only Catholic country in Southeast Asia; thus, most of our structures all overRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagesof the study 2.1 Scope and methodology 4 7 7 3. Racism and individual and collective human rights 3.1 A note on cultural and ethnic identity 9 11 4. Racism: colonial inheritance 4.1 Nicaragua: multiethnic and pluricultural state 4.2 The historic roots of differences, discrimination, and racism 4.2.1 Spanish Conquest and its repercussions in Indigenous cultures of the Pacific, Central and North 4.2.2 English colonization in the Caribbean Coast region 4.2.3 The Liberal